What encompasses all surface landforms and the processes that shape the surface?

What encompasses all surface landforms and the processes that shape the surface?

• A. Atmosphere
• B. Biosphere
• C. Hydrosphere
• D. Geosphere/Lithosphere

Answer: (D)

The concept that encompasses all surface landforms and the processes that shape the surface is best represented by the geosphere, or lithosphere. This term refers specifically to the solid, rocky part of the Earth, which includes the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. It covers features such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus, and includes the processes involved in their formation, such as erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity. The geosphere is integral to understanding how landforms are created and modified over time. For example, volcanic activity can form mountains, while rivers can carve out valleys through erosion. The geosphere interacts with other Earth systems, like the atmosphere and hydrosphere, but its focus is on the physical characteristics and dynamics of the Earth's surface itself. Thus, it is the most fitting choice when considering the surface landforms and the underlying geological processes.

The concept that encompasses all surface landforms and the processes that shape the surface is best represented by the geosphere, or lithosphere. This term refers specifically to the solid, rocky part of the Earth, which includes the Earth's crust and the upper mantle. It covers features such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus, and includes the processes involved in their formation, such as erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity.

The geosphere is integral to understanding how landforms are created and modified over time. For example, volcanic activity can form mountains, while rivers can carve out valleys through erosion. The geosphere interacts with other Earth systems, like the atmosphere and hydrosphere, but its focus is on the physical characteristics and dynamics of the Earth's surface itself. Thus, it is the most fitting choice when considering the surface landforms and the underlying geological processes.